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Characterization of β-galactosidase in the Crude Plant Extract of Artemisia judaica L. in Presence and Absence of Some Heavy Metals
Omar M. Atrooz,
Mohammad H. Abukhalil,
Ibrahim M. AlRawashdeh
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 5, October 2016
Pages:
99-105
Received:
15 August 2016
Accepted:
25 August 2016
Published:
21 September 2016
Abstract: β-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) is important in the formation of a medicinal plant Artemisia judaica (al-ba’atharan) aroma. The crude plant extracts of Artemisia judaica were used to characterize the enzyme in the term of pH, temperature, enzyme kinetic and effects of some heavy metals on its activity. The enzyme activity was measured by its ability to hydrolyze the substrate 2-nitrophenyl β-D-galactopyranoside (ONPG). The enzyme activity was reached maximum at 50°C and at pH 6.0. The Km and Vmax values of the enzyme were 3.6 mM and 1.67 μmol/min, respectively. Uncompetitive inhibition was observed in presence of Hg+2, Fe+3 and Zn+2 for the enzyme β-galactosidase in the crude extract through the decrease in the Km and Vmax values. Pb+2 and Cu+2 were found to act as a noncompetitive inhibitors on the enzyme β-galactosidase in the crude extract due to increase in the Km values and decrease in Vmax values. The study showed that Hg+2 was the most potent inhibitor while Cu+2 exhibited the least inhibition degree on β-galactosidase activity in the Artemisia judaica. These finding indicated that the enzyme β-galactosidase in the crude leaves extract of Artemisia judaica can be used in industrial and medical applications.
Abstract: β-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) is important in the formation of a medicinal plant Artemisia judaica (al-ba’atharan) aroma. The crude plant extracts of Artemisia judaica were used to characterize the enzyme in the term of pH, temperature, enzyme kinetic and effects of some heavy metals on its activity. The enzyme activity was measured by its ability ...
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Antimicrobial, Anti-inflammatory, and Chemical Evaluation of Buchholzia coriacea Seed (Wonderful Kola)
Umeokoli Blessing Ogechukwu,
Abba Chika,
Ezeh Peter,
Ajaghaku Daniel,
Onyegbule Felix Afamefule
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 5, October 2016
Pages:
106-112
Received:
20 July 2016
Accepted:
2 August 2016
Published:
18 October 2016
Abstract: This study investigated the phytochemical content, proximate analysis, acute toxicity test, anti-microbial, and anti-inflammatory effect of Buchholzia coriacea (wonderful kola) seed fractions using standard methods. The antimicrobial activity of the n-hexane, methanol and aqueous extracts of B. coriacea seeds against Escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger was determined using the agar well diffusion method. The proximate composition shows that freshly dried B. coriacea seeds consist of 13% moisture, 88.19% total solid, 0.45% crude fat, 3.92% ash, 1.96% nitrogen, 12.8% protein, 69.8% carbohydrate and 3.5% crude fibre. The acute toxicity study showed that the seed is safe; as no death was recorded. In the assay for anti-inflammatory activity, the results showed the aqueous extract to be the most active fractions. The preliminary antimicrobial evaluation, revealed that at the concentrations analysed (6.25-100 mg/mL), the inhibition zone diameters (IZDs) produced by the aqueous extracts against the test isolates ranged from 0-18 mm; the methanol extract recorded IZDs that ranged from 0-15 mm; and the n-hexane extract recorded IZDs that ranged from 0-7 mm. The antimicrobial results of the extracts of B. coriacea showed that the aqueous extract recorded the best antibacterial activity, while the methanol extract showed the best antifungal activity. It can be concluded that the aqueous extract recorded more pharmacological activities than the methanol and n-hexane extracts of B. coriacea seeds and this confirms the common use of aqueous decoctions of this plant seeds in South-Eastern Nigeria traditional medicine practice. Analysis of the seed oil, revealed the significant presence of Estra-1, 3, 5 [10] -trien-17ß-ol (35.26%), Oleic acid (6.49%), 1-(+)-Ascorbic acid-2,6-dihexadecanoate (5.98%), Docosanoic acid (2.85%) with other palmitic acid derivatives.
Abstract: This study investigated the phytochemical content, proximate analysis, acute toxicity test, anti-microbial, and anti-inflammatory effect of Buchholzia coriacea (wonderful kola) seed fractions using standard methods. The antimicrobial activity of the n-hexane, methanol and aqueous extracts of B. coriacea seeds against Escherichia coli, staphylococcu...
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Antioxidant Potential and Phytochemical Screening of Aristolochiabraceelata: An in vitro Approach
Fayyad Alzain,
Mohamed Nasraldeen,
Sufyan Awadalkareem,
Alsiddig Osama,
Mohamed Ezeldin,
Omer M. Eltayeb,
Ahmed Ibrahim,
Alshareef Algasim,
Hashim Saeed
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 5, October 2016
Pages:
113-117
Received:
14 December 2015
Accepted:
31 December 2015
Published:
19 October 2016
Abstract: The present study was designed to investigate the antioxidant activity of Aristolochiabraceelata whole plant and fruit. Phytochemical study was piloted to detect the bioactive compounds, which have been responsible for the biological activities. The antioxidant activities were conducted via DPPH radical scavenging assay. Potential antioxidant activity was presented by ethanol crude extract was motivated to evaluate the fractions of n-hexane chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and water, the radical scavenging activities of whole plant were found to be 84 ± 0.02, 82.5 ± 0.04, 78.2 ± 0.04, 92.9 ± 0.03, 88.9 ± 0.02, 77.3± 0.05 respectively, while the fruit extracts displayed a higher potentials in crude and lower with fractions. The results of phytochemical screening showed the presence ofFlavonoids, Saponins, Alkaloid, Tannins, Phenols, Triterpene, Phytosterol, Anthraquinones and Carbohydrates. This study give rise to antioxidant property of studied plant, and showed interesting correlation with the phytochemical constituents and biological activities.
Abstract: The present study was designed to investigate the antioxidant activity of Aristolochiabraceelata whole plant and fruit. Phytochemical study was piloted to detect the bioactive compounds, which have been responsible for the biological activities. The antioxidant activities were conducted via DPPH radical scavenging assay. Potential antioxidant activ...
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Identification of Nigella sativa Seed and Its Adulterants Using DNA Barcode Marker
Sudhir S. P.,
Alagappan Kumarappan,
Lalit K. Vyas,
Divya Shrivastava,
Padma Deshmukh,
H. N. Verma
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 5, October 2016
Pages:
118-128
Received:
15 September 2016
Accepted:
28 September 2016
Published:
19 October 2016
Abstract: Adulteration, misidentification, and substitution are the biggest challenges in maintaining safety and therapeutic efficacy of medicinal herbs. Nigella sativa seed, which is well known medicinal herb susceptible to adulteration or substitution due to its great therapeutic value. Adulteration and substitution by morphologically similar seeds are the primary concern in commercially available Nigella sativa seed. In this study, we have used DNA barcode marker to find out adulteration, misidentification, and substitution of Nigella sativa seed sold in various markets. We collected 10 samples, which were labelled as Black seed/Nigella sativa seed from open markets in India (1 No.), Pakistan (1 No.), Saudi Arabia(1 No.), Egypt (2 No.), Turkey (1 No.), Syria (1 No.), Tunisia(2 No.) and Oman (1 No.). All samples collected from different geographies were studied morphologically. Although few samples were quickly identified as Nigella sativa seeds, few were tough to detect and differentiate accurately. This is where DNA barcode marker proved to be useful. Plant DNA were obtained from seed coat cells of samples, was amplified by PCR with forward and reverse rbcl and matK primers as recommended by CBOL (The Consortium for the Barcode of Life). PCR amplification of plastid genome with matK was not very successful, while PCR amplification with rbcl primers was quite successful. We used rbcl sequences for alignment and further analysis. PCR products obtained were subjected to electrophoresis on 1.5% agarose plate. PCR products were sent to Macrogen (Seoul, South Korea) for DNA sequencing. DNA reads obtained with rbcl sequences were aligned and analyzed for nucleotide composition, conserved sites, variable sites, singleton sites and parsimony-informative sites, genetic distance and phylogenetic tree using MEGA 7. The phylogenetic tree was constructed using UPGMA method. NCBI Blast along with phylogenic tree and nucleotide characteristic were used to identify Nigella sativa seeds from different geographies and discriminate two adulterants as Allium cepa seed and Clitoria guianensis seed. Both of these adulterants are different regarding their active medicinal contents and therapeutic utility from Nigella sativa seed. This study proved the utility of DNA marker, especially rbcl loci in accurately identifying medicinal herb and its adulterants.
Abstract: Adulteration, misidentification, and substitution are the biggest challenges in maintaining safety and therapeutic efficacy of medicinal herbs. Nigella sativa seed, which is well known medicinal herb susceptible to adulteration or substitution due to its great therapeutic value. Adulteration and substitution by morphologically similar seeds are the...
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Effect of Treatments (Lemon, Mustard and Garlic) on the Minerals Value of Smoked Hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha) During Storage Period
Mohajira Begum,
Shuva Bhowmik,
Farha Matin Juliana,
Md. Sabir Hossain
Issue:
Volume 4, Issue 5, October 2016
Pages:
133-138
Received:
31 August 2016
Accepted:
9 September 2016
Published:
27 October 2016
Abstract: The study was designed to investigate the effect of both the duration of storage and treatments (lemon, mustrard and garlic) methods on minerals (Ca, P, Fe, Mn, Cu, Mg and Zn) value of smoked hilsa in six selected regions (Chandpur, Barisal, Patuakhali, Bhola, Shariatpur and Cox’s Bazar). Minerals (Ca, P, Fe, Mn, Cu, Mg and Zn) composition was increased by treatments but gradually decreased variedly with duration of storage smoked hilsa. The calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu) magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn) were found 910.55±11.79 to 853.57±11.09 mg/100g, 228.53±4.37 to 83.60±8.75 mg/100g, 12.45±0.97 to 7.07±1.85 mg/100g, 21.58±0.48 to 7.89±0.75 mg/100g, 3.15±0.16 to 0.90±0.05 mg/100g, 60.54±10.66 to 36.31±1.85 mg/100g and 2.97±0.10 to 0.92±0.02 mg/100g respectively. Generally, the minerals reduced more in the first month of storage. The results suggest that storage period to be a negative effect on the minearls values of smoked hilsa. Hence, smoked hilsa should be consumed while fresh and if it is to be stored, the period must be as short as possible to provide optimal levels of minerals.
Abstract: The study was designed to investigate the effect of both the duration of storage and treatments (lemon, mustrard and garlic) methods on minerals (Ca, P, Fe, Mn, Cu, Mg and Zn) value of smoked hilsa in six selected regions (Chandpur, Barisal, Patuakhali, Bhola, Shariatpur and Cox’s Bazar). Minerals (Ca, P, Fe, Mn, Cu, Mg and Zn) composition was incr...
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