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Prevalence and Clinico-Demographic Characteristics Associated with Bacterial Diarrhea among HIV Positive and Negative Children Aged Below Five Years at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Kenya
Rono Salinah J.,
Kakai Rose,
Esamai Fabian
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 6-3, December 2014
Pages:
1-8
Received:
9 July 2014
Accepted:
18 July 2014
Published:
31 July 2014
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020603.11
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Abstract: Diarrhea is the second leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It accounts for over 2 million deaths in children aged below 5 years, majority being from Sub-Saharan Africa. Diarrhea is ranked third as a cause of death and the third leading cause of pediatric admissions in Kenya. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and clinico-demographic characteristics associated with diarrhea in relation to patient HIV status. This was a cross-sectional comparative study of 216 HIV seropositive and seronegative children aged below 5 years admitted with diarrhea at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital in Western Kenya. Clinico-demographic characteristics associated with diarrhea were obtained using questionnaires. Stool samples were collected and analyzed using standard microbiological methods to determine their bacterial etiology. The mean (standard deviation) 24.11(15.61) vs. 11.77(7.88), median and inter quartile range 22(10, 36) vs. 10 (6, 16) was higher among HIV positive than negative cases with no statistically significant differences with regard to gender. The prevalence of diarrhea was 17.1% with 64.4% (139) of our cases being male and 35.6% (77) female. The prevalence of bacterial and non bacterial diarrhea was 8.5% (118) and 7.1% (98) respectively. The main bacterial enteropathogens isolated among HIV positive and negative cases were Escherichia coli 88.9% (38 vs. 67), Shigella 5.1 %( 1, 5), Salmonella 4.2% (0, 5) and other enteric species 1.7% (0, 2). EAEC (17.7%) was the main diarrheagenic E coli (DEC) followed by EHEC (5.1%), EPEC (3.4%), EIEC (2.5%) and ETEC (1.7%). Other were S.typhimurium 4.2% (0, 5), S.typhi 3.4%) (0, 4), S. dyenteriae and S. flexneri 2.5% (0, 3) each respectively. HIV positive individuals recorded more mixed infections (72% vs. 28%) than HIV negative cases. Some of illnesses recorded in HIV positive cases included tuberculosis 4(100%) and meningitis 8(100%) whereas pneumonia 21(71.4 % vs. 28.6), oral thrush 13 (76.9% vs. 23.1%), malaria 19 (57.9% vs. 42.1%) and protein energy malnutrition 13 (61.5% vs. 38.5 %) were recorded in both HIV positive and negative cases respectively. Education level of parent/guardian, socioeconomic status, housing, water, sanitation and seasonal variations were significantly associated with diarrhea. The study depicts a positive correlation between clinico-demographic characteristics and HIV status on prevalence and etiology of diarrhea. We recommend improved hygienic practices, definitive diagnosis of diarrhea etiology and patient HIV status for effective management of childhood diarrhea.
Abstract: Diarrhea is the second leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It accounts for over 2 million deaths in children aged below 5 years, majority being from Sub-Saharan Africa. Diarrhea is ranked third as a cause of death and the third leading cause of pediatric admissions in Kenya. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalenc...
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Phytochemical and Antibacterial Screening of Crude Extracts from Leaves of Wonderful Kola
Ejikeugwu Chika,
Umeokoli Blessing,
Iroha Ifeanyichukwu,
Ugwu Malachy,
Esimone Charles
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 6-3, December 2014
Pages:
9-12
Received:
18 September 2014
Accepted:
25 September 2014
Published:
30 September 2014
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020603.12
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Abstract: The several antibacterial activities of wonderful kola plant (i.e. Buchholzia coriacea) has necessitated the need for a high-throughput and molecular characterization of all the bioactive components from the plant as a panacea to discovering bioactive compounds which could serve as lead compounds in developing potent and novel antibacterial agents. Microbial resistance to some available antimicrobial agents necessitates the need to search for newer antimicrobial agents that will not be easily amenable to the attack of resistant strains of microorganisms (many of which remain active even in the face of antimicrobial onslaught). This study investigates the phytochemical constituents and antibacterial activity of leaf extracts of wonderful kola on pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus strains. Antibacterial activity of the wonderful kola plant extract was evaluated by the agar well diffusion method to determine the zones of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Phytochemical analysis revealed that wonderful kola leaf contains phlobatannins, carbohydrates, proteins, tannins, saponins, alkaloids and flavonoids. Varying zones of inhibition was produced by the ethanol extract (10-14 mm) and methanol extracts (13-15 mm) against the S. aureus strains. MIC for both the ethanol and methanol extracts was recorded at 50 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml for some strains of the S. aureus. The results of this study have shown and contributed to the potential of wonderful kola leaf extracts in inhibiting pathogenic strains of S. aureus. Further high-throughput technologies are required to characterize the main bioactive constituents of the wonderful kola plant extracts so that they can be compounded into drug formulations for the treatment of some bacterial related infections in this part of the world.
Abstract: The several antibacterial activities of wonderful kola plant (i.e. Buchholzia coriacea) has necessitated the need for a high-throughput and molecular characterization of all the bioactive components from the plant as a panacea to discovering bioactive compounds which could serve as lead compounds in developing potent and novel antibacterial agents....
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Autovaccines for Chronic Urinary Tract Infections; Ten Years Follow-Up Experience
Gallego-Vilar Daniel,
Sanchis-Verdu Laura,
Beltran Persiva Jose,
Cuñat-Albert Enrique,
Cervello-Grima Enrique,
Gallego-Gomez Juan,
Perez-Mestre Mateo
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 6-3, December 2014
Pages:
13-17
Received:
25 August 2014
Accepted:
22 September 2014
Published:
24 November 2014
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020603.13
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Abstract: Introduction This study describes the impact of a daily sublingual Probelte Pharma autovaccine ® program to prevent recurrent symptomatic UTI in non-responders adults to conventional antibiotic prophylaxis. Material and Methods Observational prospective open study including patients with recurrent UTI. A sublingual vaccine containing ethanol-killed bacteria extract from specific patient´s uropathogenic strains were prepared from patient´s semen or urine sample . The main outcome criteria were the number and severity of symptomatic/clinical UTI, specific antibiotic dosage and duration of use, adverse effects if any, and necessity to stop or change the antibiotic was noted. Results Thirty-two patients met inclusion/exclusion criteria (17 men, 53.1%; 15 women, 46.8%).After 10 years follow up under autovaccine, the number of positive urine cultures decreased from 100% to 87% (P >0.05) and no patient take any curative antibiotics. Conclusion Probelte Pharma autovaccine ® provides a reduction in symptomatic repeated UTI and descrease the use of antibiotics with a good tolerance.
Abstract: Introduction This study describes the impact of a daily sublingual Probelte Pharma autovaccine ® program to prevent recurrent symptomatic UTI in non-responders adults to conventional antibiotic prophylaxis. Material and Methods Observational prospective open study including patients with recurrent UTI. A sublingual vaccine containing ethanol-kille...
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Recognition of Acute Toxoplasmosis with IgG Avidity ELISA Test in the Pregnant Women (The First Trimester) in Qom Province, Iran, during Two Years (2012-2013)
Mohammad Reza Haeri,
Behnaz Jalalizadegan,
Fatemeh Tabatabaie
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 6-3, December 2014
Pages:
18-21
Received:
5 December 2014
Accepted:
12 December 2014
Published:
27 December 2014
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020603.14
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Abstract: Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite occurring with a global distribution. Congenital toxoplasmosis results when a non-immune woman gets a primary infection during pregnancy. Chronically infected women is not transmitted the infection to their offspring. The aim of this study was to perform IgG avidity test for detection of acute toxoplasmosis in the pregnant women (The first trimester). A total of 200 human serum samples were collected from different laboratories in Qom province. The anti-toxoplasma IgG, IgM and IgG avidity were evaluated by ELISA method. The samples were divided into 2 segregated groups: Group I consisted of 25 serum samples from patients in acute phase of Toxoplasma infection. All the pa¬tients had the symbol of lymphadenopathy. Group II consisted of 185 serum samples prepared from pa-tients in chronic phase of Toxoplasma infection. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistical methods. 20 out of 25 (80%) sera with acute toxoplasmosis showed low avidity levels and 178 out of 185 (96%) sera in chronic phase of infection showed high avidity index. 7sera had borderline ranges of AI. In this study, IgM ELISA and IgG avidity ELISA tests together could confirm the acute and chronic phases of disease completely. The IgG avidity test was created to help distinguish between past and recently acquired infection.
Abstract: Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite occurring with a global distribution. Congenital toxoplasmosis results when a non-immune woman gets a primary infection during pregnancy. Chronically infected women is not transmitted the infection to their offspring. The aim of this study was to perform IgG avidity test for detectio...
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Isolation, Cloning and Expression of Rhamnolipid Operon from Pseudomonas aeroginosa ATCC 9027 in Logarithmic Phase in E. coli BL21
Amin Jafari,
Jamshid Raheb,
Hassan Bardania,
Behnam Rasekh
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 6-3, December 2014
Pages:
22-30
Received:
19 October 2014
Accepted:
8 December 2014
Published:
23 March 2017
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajls.s.2014020603.15
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Abstract: The rhamnolipid operon from Pesudomonas strain with the native promoter was not expressed in logarithmic phase of Ecoli. The expression of rhamnolipid in logarithmic phase of growth whether the regulatory elements of the operon are eliminated or not was investigated. The rhamnolipid operon was identified in Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 and the rhlAB genes related to rhamnolipid were isolated and amplified by PCR. The PCR product was cloned in pET 23a expression vector and transferred into the E. coli BL21. The expression of rhlAB genes was analyzed and our results showed that the synthesis of monorhamnolipid occurred in logarithmic phase. In addition this data demonstrated a higher production of rhamnolipid in recombinant Ecoli Bl21compared to that indigenous Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027.
Abstract: The rhamnolipid operon from Pesudomonas strain with the native promoter was not expressed in logarithmic phase of Ecoli. The expression of rhamnolipid in logarithmic phase of growth whether the regulatory elements of the operon are eliminated or not was investigated. The rhamnolipid operon was identified in Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 and the ...
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