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The Effect of the Rising Abdominal Perfusion Pressure on Kidney Function Assessed by the RIFLE Criteria in Critically Ill Patients with Multiorgan Dysfunction
Hatem H. Elatroush,
Nashwa Abed,
Amna A. Metwaly,
Mohamed I. Afify,
Mayada M. Hussien
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 6, December 2014
Pages:
333-337
Received:
21 October 2014
Accepted:
4 November 2014
Published:
17 November 2014
Abstract: Abdominal perfusion pressure (APP) is a novel, clinically measurable parameter to explain the circulatory compromise in the abdominal cavity, defined as the difference between the mean arterial pressure (MAP) and the intrabdominal pressure (IAP). Kidneys are especially vulnerable intrabdominal organ to the circulatory compromise and the third spacing in multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS) patients. And this study was to evaluate the relationship of the APP to AKI assessed by RIFLE Patients and methods: 106 MODS patients were included in the study, routine laboratory investigations and vital signs were recorded and APP and RIFLE score were assessed daily for the first three days. Results: AKI patients had lower APP (86.3 ± 9.0 vs 78.4 ± 18.5 P 0.009). Patients with APP < 60mmHg showed worse RIFLE scores (0=0/18, R=1/6, I=2/27, F=13/39 p=0.03). APP was significantly correlated with urine output (r=0.239 P 0.013). Conclusion Low APP causes deterioration of kidney function and oliguria is the first and sensitive predictor.
Abstract: Abdominal perfusion pressure (APP) is a novel, clinically measurable parameter to explain the circulatory compromise in the abdominal cavity, defined as the difference between the mean arterial pressure (MAP) and the intrabdominal pressure (IAP). Kidneys are especially vulnerable intrabdominal organ to the circulatory compromise and the third spaci...
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Isolation and Characterization of Proteases Enzyme from Locally Isolated Bacillus sp.
Md. Ekhlas Uddin,
Pulak Maitra,
Hossain Md. Faruquee,
Md. Firoz Alam
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 6, December 2014
Pages:
338-344
Received:
7 November 2014
Accepted:
15 November 2014
Published:
20 November 2014
Abstract: A bacterium was isolated from the natural source. Gram staining & spore staining showed that the organism is gram positive and forms spore during adverse condition in the growth medium. After various tests it was suggested and the features agreed with the description of Bacillus sp in Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology [24]. It was also identified as Bacillus sp with 99.9% identity by API 50 CHB. In growth curve determination showed that the growth of the organism is increased with the increase of incubation period and the growth reached maximum at around 24 hours of incubation and the protease activity was the maximum of the 26 hours culture. This microbe has grown at high temperature and pressure. Its optimum pH and temperature were 8.5 and 60°C. It secretes an extracellular protease in the growth medium. The enzyme hydrolyses a number of proteins including azocasein which suggests that that it is an extracellular protease. The enzyme seems to be alkaline protease which is capable of De-Hairing from skin and hides. A number of companies such as NOVO chemicals started to produce NOVOzymes for tannery industries. The potential for use of microbial enzymes in leather processing lies mainly in areas in which pollution-causing chemicals are being used.
Abstract: A bacterium was isolated from the natural source. Gram staining & spore staining showed that the organism is gram positive and forms spore during adverse condition in the growth medium. After various tests it was suggested and the features agreed with the description of Bacillus sp in Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology [24]. It was also ide...
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Genome-Wide Screen for Escherichia coli Genes Involved in Repressing Cell-To-Cell Transfer of a Nonconjugative pSC101-Derived Plasmid
Yuka Shibata,
Akiko Matsumoto,
Mutsumi Horino,
Akiko Hirabayashi,
Kozue Shirota,
Chinatsu Kawano,
Sumio Maeda
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 6, December 2014
Pages:
345-350
Received:
5 November 2014
Accepted:
18 November 2014
Published:
21 November 2014
Abstract: Acquiring new genetic traits by lateral gene transfer is a bacterial strategy for environmental adaptations. We previously showed that Escherichia coli laterally transmits nonconjugative plasmids in cocultures that contain strains with or without the plasmid. Using a pMB1-derived plasmid and the Keio collection, a comprehensive library of E. coli knockout mutants for nonessential genes, we recently screened for genes responsible for promoting or repressing cell-to-cell plasmid transfer in recipient cells. In this study, we used a pSC101-derived plasmid, instead of a pMB1-derived plasmid, to screen for repressing genes and identified 29 “transfer-up” mutants. Among these, four mutants are common to those previously screened using a pMB1-derived plasmid. Although the roles of the 29 gene products in plasmid transfer mechanism remain uncertain, it is interesting that 28 of the 29 screened genes map to two limited regions on the E. coli chromosome: 18 genes at 34.25–35.31 min and 10 genes at 12.62–13.35 min. Because these two regions commonly contain termination (Ter) sites for DNA replication (TerC: 34.64 min and TerH: 12.91 min), it is possible that chromosomal mutations around specific Ter sites may affect plasmid acquisition in the recipient cells.
Abstract: Acquiring new genetic traits by lateral gene transfer is a bacterial strategy for environmental adaptations. We previously showed that Escherichia coli laterally transmits nonconjugative plasmids in cocultures that contain strains with or without the plasmid. Using a pMB1-derived plasmid and the Keio collection, a comprehensive library of E. coli k...
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A Review of Non-Collagenous Proteins; their Role in Bone
Aiman I. Al-Qtaitat,
Saed M. Aldalaen
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 6, December 2014
Pages:
351-355
Received:
16 November 2014
Accepted:
28 November 2014
Published:
2 December 2014
Abstract: One of the unique aspects of the bone formation process is the biological mineralization of the proteinaceous matrix. The physicochemical process of mineralization is closely regulated; the precise nature of this regulation is not completely understood. The mineralization process is influenced by matrix proteins, some of which act as inhibitors and some as enhancers. Such factors include collagen mainly types I, III and VI, extracellular matrix proteins and cell attachment proteins, in addition to systemic hormones.
Abstract: One of the unique aspects of the bone formation process is the biological mineralization of the proteinaceous matrix. The physicochemical process of mineralization is closely regulated; the precise nature of this regulation is not completely understood. The mineralization process is influenced by matrix proteins, some of which act as inhibitors and...
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Microbiological Diagnosis of Bacterial Vaginosis in Pregnant Women in a Resource Limited Setting in North Central Nigeria
Damen James Garba,
Suleiman Shina Zabaze,
Vem Silas Tabitha,
Goltong James,
Kahansim Makshwar
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 6, December 2014
Pages:
356-360
Received:
19 November 2014
Accepted:
28 November 2014
Published:
2 December 2014
Abstract: Bacterial vaginosis or vaginal bacteriosis is a disease of the vagina caused by bacteria. Bacterial vaginosis is an extremely prevalent vaginal condition and the number one cause of bacteria vaginosis among both pregnant and non pregnant women. It has been associated with a significant number of obstetric and gynaecologic complications such as preterm labour and delivery, premature rupture of membranes, spontaneous abortion, chorioamnionitis, postpartum endometritis, post-caesarean delivery, wound infections, post surgical infections, and subclinical pelvic inflammatory disease. Aim: The study was to determine the prevalence of bacteria vaginosis in pregnant women and to relate them to age groups, occupation and also to identify other agents of vagina infection in the studied population. Methods: A total of 226 pregnant women attending Plateau state specialist hospital with suspected cases of bacteria vaginosis between the months of January to December, 2012 were studied. High vaginal swabs (HVS) were collected using aseptic procedure and processed within 30mins of collection using standard procedures. A drop of 10% KOH was placed over the specimen on the speculum and the odour was noted. The PH of the specimen was determined using PH indicator paper. A wet preparation and Gram stain was carried and examine under the microscope. Result: Of the 226 specimen examined 53 (23.5%) were positive for bacteria vaginosis. Thirty six within 16-20 years 8 (22.2%) positive, 41 within 21 to 25 years 14 (34.1%) positive, 26-30 years had 53, 19(35.8%) positive, 42 of 31-35 6(14.3%) positive, 35 of 36-40years 4(11.4%) positive and 19 above 40 years 2(10.5%) positive (P>0.05). Second trimester had the highest prevalence of 25(30.1) and least 11(25.9%) recorded by the first trimester (P<0.05), Subjects with tertiary educational status had the highest prevalent of 14(41.2% while those at primary level recorded the least the prevalent of 13(17.3%). For civil servants had the highest prevalent of 10(52.6%) while the least was house wife 7 (19.4%). Other vagina infections were Candida species (45.4%), Gardnerella vaginalis (38.7%) and Trichomonas vaginalis (16.0%). Conclusion: Bacteria vaginosis is very prevalent among pregnant women in the study area, its diagnosis and treatment should be included in the routine antenatal care of pregnant women.
Abstract: Bacterial vaginosis or vaginal bacteriosis is a disease of the vagina caused by bacteria. Bacterial vaginosis is an extremely prevalent vaginal condition and the number one cause of bacteria vaginosis among both pregnant and non pregnant women. It has been associated with a significant number of obstetric and gynaecologic complications such as pret...
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Isolation, Characterization and Identification of Endophytic Bacteria in Sugarcane (Saccharum spp. L.) Cultivated on Soils of the Dong Nai Province, Southeast of Vietnam
Hoang Minh Tam,
Cao Ngoc Diep
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 6, December 2014
Pages:
361-368
Received:
29 November 2014
Accepted:
9 December 2014
Published:
18 December 2014
Abstract: Endophytic bacterial diversity in sugarcane plant cultivated on Latosols and Acrisols of the Eastern of South Vietnam was studied. Sugarcane plant samples were taken in four sites (districts/towns) (Xuanloc, Dinhquan, Vinhc uu and Trangbom) of Dong Nai province. Endophytic bacteria were isolated in LGI medium together with 16S rRNA gene fragments amplified from DNA using eubacterial universal primers (p515FPL and p13B). A total of 27 isolates were isolated on LGI medium and all of them have ability of nitrogen fixation and phosphate solubilization together with IAA biosynthesis but there were 10 isolates having the best characteristics. The sequences from selected endophytic bacteria (10 isolates) showed high degrees of similarity to those of the GenBank references strains (between 98% and 99%). All of them are Proteobacteria (gram-negative bacteria) and 3 isolates belonged to Alpha-proteobacteria (30%), 2 isolates were Beta-proteobacteria (20%), 5 isolates were Gamma-proteobacteria (50%). Based on Pi value (nucleotide diversity), Gamma-proteobacteria group had the highest theta values and Theta values (per sequence) from S of SNP for DNA polymorphism were calculated for each group and Gamma-proteobacteria group had the highest values in comparison of two groups. From these results showed that Enterobacter oryzae LT7, Achromobacter xylosoxidans T16, Achromobacter insolitus R15b and Pantoea agglomerans T12 revealed promising candidates with multiple beneficial characteristics and they have the potential for application as inoculants or bio-fertilizer adapted to poor latosols and acrisols because they are not only famous strains but also are safety strains for sustainable agriculture.
Abstract: Endophytic bacterial diversity in sugarcane plant cultivated on Latosols and Acrisols of the Eastern of South Vietnam was studied. Sugarcane plant samples were taken in four sites (districts/towns) (Xuanloc, Dinhquan, Vinhc uu and Trangbom) of Dong Nai province. Endophytic bacteria were isolated in LGI medium together with 16S rRNA gene fragments a...
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Ecological and Climatic Attribute Analysis for Egyptian Hypericum sinaicum
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 6, December 2014
Pages:
369-381
Received:
10 December 2014
Accepted:
17 December 2014
Published:
23 December 2014
Abstract: Conservation of globally endangered plant resources is a critical ecological, cultural and economic issue. The undertaking of ecological study focusing on the distribution, abundance and population structures of target species is fundamental to the assessment of the conservation status of wild populations. A study was carried out on the wild herb Hypericum sinaicum (Family: Hypericaceae) in Saint Katherine Protectorate (SKP), South Sinai, Egypt, where 22 sites presenting different habitats in SKP were surveyed for: (1) investigate the floristic composition, vegetation types and H. sinaicum distribution in the area, (2) define the ecological status of H. sinaicum and characterize this range by its size, shape, boundaries and internal structure, (3) clearly identify conservation priorities and suggest appropriate strategies for H. sinaicum conservation, (4) detect the effect of environmental factors on the distribution of H. sinaicum in order to use it as first step for conservation by rehabilitation or restoration, (5) determine the effect of spatial variation on plant community and H. sinaicum productivity, and (6) to determine the ecological and climatic requirements for this species and detect their effect on the species distribution. A total of 113 species were recorded in total within the 237 sites. 37 families were recorded within the study area; Asteraceae (15%) and Lamiaceae (11.5%) presented the dominant families in this area, while the Hypercaceae family which represented the target species (H. sinaicum) was recorded only once. H. sinaicum was recorded as dominant species in only 12 sites from 237 with 5%. Morphological attributes for Hypericum showed great variation due to the variation in the edaphic features of different locations. Finally it’s was observed that vegetation constitutes an organized whole, it operates at a higher level of integration than the separate species and may possess emergent properties not necessarily found in individual themselves. Most of the H. sinaicum populations were small and the plants occurred sporadically in space, as little groups conjugated with wet soil. At the micro-site level, H. sinaicum plants occupied most of high altitude habitats in SKP such as cliffs, Wadi bed, terrace, gorge, slope and cave habitats. H. sinaicum prefers the wet and shady places like gorges, slopes and cliffs with continuous water supply. There is an urgent need to integrate the knowledge derived from ecological, demographic and climatic approaches to species conservation in order to be able to formulate management strategies that take into account all different considerations.
Abstract: Conservation of globally endangered plant resources is a critical ecological, cultural and economic issue. The undertaking of ecological study focusing on the distribution, abundance and population structures of target species is fundamental to the assessment of the conservation status of wild populations. A study was carried out on the wild herb H...
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Isolation and Characterization of Lipid-Degrading Bacteria in Wastewater of Food Processing Plants and Restaurants in Can Tho City, Vietnam
Ngo Thanh Phong,
Nguyen Thanh Duyen,
Cao Ngoc Diep
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 6, December 2014
Pages:
382-388
Received:
25 November 2014
Accepted:
5 December 2014
Published:
31 December 2014
Abstract: High lipid (fats and oils) concentration contained in wastewater inhibits the activity of microbes in biological wastewater treatment systems. The lipids degradation capability of lipid-degrading bacteria was investigated for possible application in treatment of lipids-contaminated wastewater. One hundred and two bacterial isolates were isolated from 43 vegetable oil- contaminated wastewater samples of many food processing plants and restaurants in 5 districts of Can Tho city, Vietnam on LB medium. There were sixty-one isolates produced clear zones on Tw20 medium, only eleven of which were found to have the high ability to degrade vegetable oil in the contaminated wastewater. These eleven isolates were identified by PCR technique and DNA sequencing. The results of DNA sequencing were compared with GenBank database of NCBI by BLAT N software. The sequences from selected isolates showed high degrees of similarity to those of the GenBank references (between 97% and 99%). Two isolates belonged to Bacilli (18.18%) and nine isolates belonged to Gammaproteobacteria (81.82%). Based on Pi value (nucleotide diversity), Gammaproteobacteria group had the highest Theta values. Theta value (per sequence) from S of SNP for DNA polymorphism were calculated for each group and 11 strains of lipid-degrading bacteria had high genetic diversity. The results propose Acinetobacteria soli strain AL3 a potential bioproduct for wastewater treatment because of its high ability of lipid degradation and biosafety.
Abstract: High lipid (fats and oils) concentration contained in wastewater inhibits the activity of microbes in biological wastewater treatment systems. The lipids degradation capability of lipid-degrading bacteria was investigated for possible application in treatment of lipids-contaminated wastewater. One hundred and two bacterial isolates were isolated fr...
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Therapeutic Efficiency of spirulina against Lead Acetate Toxicity on the Fresh Water Fish Labeo rohita
Manjunatha Bangeppagari,
Jaffer Mohiddin Gooty,
Juan Ortiz Tirado,
Selvanayagam Mariadoss,
Selvaraj Thangaswamy,
Naga Raju Maddela,
Darwin Rueda Ortiz
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 6, December 2014
Pages:
389-394
Received:
13 December 2014
Accepted:
27 December 2014
Published:
4 January 2015
Abstract: The release of heavy metals in to the aquatic environment causes water pollution problems because of their toxicity, persistence and bioaccumulation. Lead has no known role to play in the human body that is physiologically relevant, and its harmful effects are myriad. Lead from the atmosphere and soil ends up in water bodies thus affecting the aquatic organisms. This situation has thus prompted numerous investigators to study on the effects of this heavy metal on the biological functions of aquatic organisms, particularly on the antioxidant enzyme activity in fish. In the present investigation the effect of lead acetate (heavy metal) on antioxidant enzyme activity was evaluated in the fresh water fish Labeo rohita. The experimental fish were treated with sub lethal concentration of lead acetate (0.015 mg/ L) for 120 hrs. Spirulina was used as supplementary feed during the experimental period. We observed various lead induced lipid peroxidation (LPO), antioxidant enzyme (SOD and CAT) changes and Spirulina supplementary feed therapeutic efficiency was observed in the gill and liver tissues of the fish. All the experimental data are statistically significant at p<0.05% level. The present study was under taken the toxic effect of lead acetate on Labeo rohita fish and chelating property of Spirulina.
Abstract: The release of heavy metals in to the aquatic environment causes water pollution problems because of their toxicity, persistence and bioaccumulation. Lead has no known role to play in the human body that is physiologically relevant, and its harmful effects are myriad. Lead from the atmosphere and soil ends up in water bodies thus affecting the aqua...
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Population and Spatial Dynamics Mangrove Jellyfish Cassiopeia sp at Kenya’s Gazi Bay
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 6, December 2014
Pages:
395-399
Received:
15 December 2014
Accepted:
25 December 2014
Published:
4 January 2015
Abstract: Cassiopeia, the upside-down or mangrove jellyfish is a bottom-dwelling, shallow water marine sycophozoan of the phylum Cnidaria. It is commonly referred to as jellyfish because of its jelly like appearance. The medusa is the dominant phase in its life history. They have a radial symmetry and occur in shallow, tropical lagoons, mangrove swamps and sandy mud falls in tropical and temperate regions. In coastal Kenya, they are found only in one specific location in the Gazi Bay of the south coast. There are no documented studies on this species in Kenya. The objective of this study was to quantify the spatial and size-class distribution, and recruitment of Cassiopeia at the Gazi Bay. Ten 50mx50m quadrats were randomly placed in an estimated study area of 6.4ha to cover about 40 percent of the total study area. A total of 1043 individual upside-down jellyfish were sampled. In each quadrat, all jellyfish encountered were sampled individually. For each individual jellyfish, the diameter was determined using a standard ruler. The colour and number of tentacles on each individual was determined and its activity at the time, recorded. Because jellyfish occurred in tidal pools, the number of individuals in each pool was determined. The percentage vegetation cover in each pool was estimated and recorded to the nearest whole number. There were predominantly more light brown individuals followed by dark brown with the least number of individuals being grey. Majority of the individuals were feeding. Most individuals had a mean diameter of 8.0-8.9 cm. Individuals were well represented in the size-classes 4.0-4.9cm; 5.0-5.9; 6.0-6.9cm and 7.0-7.9cm. Very few individuals occurred in the 12.0-12.9cm class. More individuals were found in clumps than singly more so where the sea grass dominated. If the diameter of the jellyfish correlates with the age, then the population structure of the jellyfish at Gazi Bay is that of a growing population. Diameter appears to have been the single most factors that influenced spacing. The smaller the individuals, the more likely they were to be found in clumps compared to larger individuals. It is possible that clumping was also related to the size of the tidal pools. This study is significant in being the first study to document the population biology of the jellyfish at the Kenyan coast. Future studies are recommended to determine factors that restrict the distribution of this species to a specific location at the south coast of Kenya. The presence of Cassiopeia at the Gazi lagoon adds value to tourism attraction of the area.
Abstract: Cassiopeia, the upside-down or mangrove jellyfish is a bottom-dwelling, shallow water marine sycophozoan of the phylum Cnidaria. It is commonly referred to as jellyfish because of its jelly like appearance. The medusa is the dominant phase in its life history. They have a radial symmetry and occur in shallow, tropical lagoons, mangrove swamps and s...
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Expression of Bone Matrix Protein (Osteopontin) in Dentogingival Junction in Periodontal Disease
Olfat Mohamed Gab Allah,
Mona Assem Abd-Elmotelb,
Reda Gaber Saleh
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 6, December 2014
Pages:
400-405
Received:
15 December 2014
Accepted:
23 December 2014
Published:
6 January 2015
Abstract: Recent breakthrough studies gave a considerable interest on the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases, particularly, the critical role of cytokines. Cytokines have dual roles; they could be mediators of host defense against the microbial challenge, or mediators for periodontal tissue alteration. Osteopontin (OPN) is a glycosylated phosphoprotein, it functions as a Th 1 (T – helper 1) cytokine, promotes cell-mediated immune responses and plays a role in chronic inflammatory diseases. To assess OPN expression in dentogingival junction (DGJ) in chronic periodontitis, ten 13–16 months old, beagle dogs were used. Animals were distributed randomly into two equal groups: Group I: animals had healthy periodontium. Group II: chronic periodontitis was induced in animals. Four weeks after induction, dogs were sacrificed and specimens were prepared for immunohistochemical staining using OPN monoclonal antibody. Intensity of OPN reactions was recorded by image J and t-test was used to compare between the two groups. Healthy periodontium showed a mild OPN reaction. While, in chronic periodontitis, moderate to intense extracellular reaction was seen in DGJ. Also, sporadic nuclear OPN reactions of inflammatory cells were noticed in chronic periodontitis. T-test revealed a significant difference between normal and chronic periodontitis groups. In conclusion, OPN may play a role in chronic inflammation and can be considered as a biomarker of periodontal disease progression.
Abstract: Recent breakthrough studies gave a considerable interest on the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases, particularly, the critical role of cytokines. Cytokines have dual roles; they could be mediators of host defense against the microbial challenge, or mediators for periodontal tissue alteration. Osteopontin (OPN) is a glycosylated phosphoprotein, it...
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Attenuation of Gastrointestinal Tract Propulsion in Rats by Zinc Acetate: Investigation into Serotonergic and Dopaminergic Mechanisms
Rufus Ojo Akomolafe,
Olusoji Adeola Adalumo,
Kayode Dominion Samuel Bamitale
Issue:
Volume 2, Issue 6, December 2014
Pages:
406-412
Received:
11 November 2014
Accepted:
25 November 2014
Published:
6 January 2015
Abstract: This study evaluated the influence of orally administered zinc acetate on gastrointestinal tract propulsion of rats. It also evaluated the effects of the salt on faecal output and gastrointestinal transit time in the rats. The effects of zinc acetate on feeding as well as water intake were determined. The dose of zinc acetate which produced the maximal effect was used to investigate the receptors involved in the alteration of gastrointestinal motility by the salts. All the three doses of zinc acetate (50 mg/kg, 80 mg/kg and 110 mg/kg) produced a significant reduction in the number of total faecal pellets produced in eight hours of study (2.67 ± 0.67, 10.75 ± 0.60, 5 ± 0.52) respectively when compared with the control group (15.67 ± 0.52). Also, the three doses of zinc acetate produced a dose-dependent significant reduction in the faecal mass (1.23 ± 0.08g, 0.96 ± 0.07g, 0.59 ± 0.07g) respectively when compared with control group (3.39 ± 0.25g).The total transit time in rats treated with 50 mg/kg of zinc acetate (746.2 ± 5.95 minutes) increased significantly compared to the control group (251.2 ± 5.48 minutes). The three doses of zinc acetate produced a dose-dependent reduction (p < 0.05) in food intake (9.67 ± 0.61, 9.17 ± 0.62 and 5.00 ± 0.39) respectively compared to the control group (18.33 ± 0.67). Pre-treatment with metoclopramide (5HT3 & D2 blocker/5HT4 serotonergic agonist) significantly increased faecal pellet output in zinc acetate treated rats (4.80 ± 0.20) when compared with rats treated with zinc acetate alone (2.67 ± 0.67).The study concluded that zinc acetate reduced gastrointestinal tract propulsion in rats evidenced as increased intestinal transit time of rats and reduced faecal pellet output via stimulation of 5HT3 and 5HT4 serotonergic and dopaminergic receptors.
Abstract: This study evaluated the influence of orally administered zinc acetate on gastrointestinal tract propulsion of rats. It also evaluated the effects of the salt on faecal output and gastrointestinal transit time in the rats. The effects of zinc acetate on feeding as well as water intake were determined. The dose of zinc acetate which produced the max...
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